Prepare Jars: Examine all jars for cracks or chips and discard any damaged jars. Wash jars and rings in hot soapy water, rinse thoroughly, and keep jars hot in a 180°F oven or hot water until ready to fill.
Heat Lids: Place new canning lids in a small saucepan, cover with hot water at 180°F, and keep hot until ready to use. Do not boil lids as this may damage the sealing compound.
Prepare Canner: Fill your boiling water bath canner with enough water to cover jars by 1-2 inches when submerged. Begin heating water to a rolling boil while preparing salsa.
Prepare Vegetables: Cut corn kernels from cobs, dice tomatoes into 1/2-inch pieces, and chop onions and peppers uniformly. Remove seeds from jalapeños if less heat is desired and chop finely to distribute heat evenly throughout salsa.
Combine Ingredients: In a large heavy-bottomed pot, combine all prepared vegetables with vinegar, sugar, salt, cumin, chili powder, and hot pepper flakes if using. Stir thoroughly to distribute seasonings evenly throughout mixture.
Cook Salsa Mixture: Bring mixture to a full boil over medium-high heat, stirring frequently to prevent sticking. Reduce heat to medium and simmer for 15 minutes, continuing to stir frequently until vegetables are tender and mixture has thickened slightly.
Maintain Heat: Keep salsa at a simmer throughout filling process to ensure mixture is very hot when ladled into jars. Do not allow salsa to cool as this can affect processing safety and quality.
Fill Jars: Using a ladle and wide-mouth funnel, fill hot jars with hot salsa, leaving exactly 1/2 inch headspace from the rim. Distribute solids and liquid evenly among jars for consistent texture.
Remove Air and Seal: Remove air bubbles by running a plastic tool around the inside of each jar, adjusting salsa level as needed to maintain proper headspace. Wipe jar rims thoroughly with a clean, damp paper towel and center hot lids on jars with rings finger-tight only.
Process in Water Bath: Using jar lifter, place filled jars on canner rack and lower into boiling water, ensuring jars are covered by 1-2 inches of water. Process for exactly 20 minutes, adjusting for altitude: add 5 minutes for 1,001-3,000 feet, add 10 minutes for 3,001-6,000 feet, add 15 minutes for above 6,000 feet. Remove jars and cool undisturbed on a towel for 12-24 hours.